Journal publications

2025

Biswajit Mondal, James A. Klimchuk, Amy R. Winebarger, P. S. Athiray, and Jiayi Liu "Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Nanoﬂare Heating during Active Region Evolution", ApJ, 980:75, 2025. [ArXiv] [ADS]

2024

Aravind Bharathi Valluvan, Ashwin Goyal, Devansh Jain, Abhinna Sundar Samantaray, Abhilash Sarwade, Kasiviswanathan Sankarasubramanian "Solar Flare Catalogue from 3 Years of Chandrayaan-2 XSM Observations", Solar Physics, 299:8, 2024. [ArXiv] [ADS]
Narendranath, S. ; Pillai, Netra S. ; Bhatt, M. ; Vadodariya, K. ; Vatedka, Radhakrishna ; Tadepalli, Srikar P. ; Sarwade, A. ; Tyagi, A. ; Sharan, V., "Lunar elemental abundances as derived from Chandrayaan-2", Icarus, 410:115898, 2024. [ADS]

2023

Anna Kępa; Marek Siarkowski; Arun Kumar Awasthi; Janusz Sylwester; Barbara Sylwester, "Investigations of Flaring Plasma Parameters during an M-class Flare Using the Differential Evolution Method and XSM/Chandrayaan-2 Observations", ApJL, 959:L29, 2023. [ADS]
Yamini K. Rao; B. Mondal; Giulio Del Zanna; N. P. S. Mithun; S. V. Vadawale; K. K. Reeves; Helen E. Mason; Anil Bhardwaj, "Multiwavelength Observations of a B-class Flare Using XSM, AIA, and XRT", ApJ, 958:190,2023. [ArXiv] [ADS]
Biswajit Mondal; Santosh V. Vadawale; Giulio Del Zanna; N. P. S. Mithun; Aveek Sarkar; Helen E. Mason; P. Janardhan; Anil Bhardwaj, "Evolution of Elemental Abundances in Hot Active Region Cores from Chandrayaan-2 XSM Observations", ApJ, 955:146, 2023. [ArXiv] [ADS]
Lakshitha Nama; Biswajit Mondal; S Narendranath; KT Paul, "Coronal Elemental Abundances during A-class Solar Flares Observed by Chandrayaan-2 XSM", Solar Physics, 298:55 2023. [ArXiv] [ADS]
Biswajit Mondal; James A Klimchuk; Santosh V. Vadawale; Aveek Sarkar; Giulio Del Zanna; P. S. Athiray; N. P. S. Mithun; Helen E. Mason; A. Bhardwaj, "Role of small-scale impulsive events in heating the X-ray bright points of the quiet Sun", ApJ, 945:37 2023. [ArXiv] [ADS]
Battaglia, Andrea Francesco ; Wang, Wen ; Saqri, Jonas ; Podladchikova, Tatiana ; Veronig, Astrid M. ; Collier, Hannah ; Dickson, Ewan C. M. ; Podladchikova, Olena ; Monstein, Christian ; Warmuth, Alexander ; Schuller, Frédéric ; Harra, Louise ; Krucker, Säm, "Identifying the energy release site in a solar microflare with a jet", A&A, 670:A56, 2023. [ArXiv] [ADS]

2022

Vishal Upendran; Durgesh Tripathi; N. P. S. Mithun; Santosh Vadawale; Anil Bhardwaj, "Nanoflare Heating of the Solar Corona Observed in X-Rays", ApJL, 940:L38, 2022. [ArXiv] [ADS]
N. P. S. Mithun; Santosh V. Vadawale; Giulio Del Zanna; Yamini K. Rao; Bhuwan Joshi; Aveek Sarkar; Biswajit Mondal; P. Janardhan; Anil Bhardwaj; Helen E. Mason, "Soft X-Ray Spectral Diagnostics of Multithermal Plasma in Solar Flares with Chandrayaan-2 XSM", ApJ, 939:112, 2022. [ArXiv] [ADS]
Narendranath, S. ; Pillai, Netra S. ; Tadepalli, Srikar P. ; Sarantos, Menelaos ; Vadodariya, K. ; Sarwade, A. ; Radhakrishna, V. ; Tyagi, A., "Sodium Distribution on the Moon", ApJL, 937:L23, 2022. [ADS]
Del Zanna, G. ; Mondal, B. ; Rao, Y. K. ; Mithun, N. P. S. ; Vadawale, S. V. ; Reeves, K. K. ; Mason, H. E. ; Sarkar, A. ; Janardhan, P. ; Bhardwaj, A., "Multiwavelength Observations by XSM, Hinode, and SDO of an Active Region. Chemical Abundances and Temperatures", ApJ, 934:159, 2022. [ArXiv] [ADS]

2021

Ramesh, R. ; Kathiravan, C. ; Mithun, N. P. S. ; Vadawale, S. V., "Radio, X-Ray, and Extreme-ultraviolet Observations of Weak Energy Releases in the 'Quiet' Sun", ApJL, 918:L18, 2021. [ArXiv] [ADS]
Mondal, Biswajit ; Sarkar, Aveek ; Vadawale, Santosh V. ; Mithun, N. P. S. ; Janardhan, P. ; Del Zanna, Giulio ; Mason, Helen E. ; Mitra-Kraev, Urmila ; Narendranath, S.,"Evolution of Elemental Abundances During B-Class Solar Flares: Soft X-ray Spectral Measurements with Chandrayaan-2 XSM", ApJ, 920,4, 2021. [ArXiv] [ADS]
Vadawale, Santosh V.; Mithun, N. P. S.; Mondal, Biswajit; Sarkar, Aveek; Janardhan, P.; Joshi, Bhuwan; Bhardwaj, Anil; Shanmugam, M.; Patel, Arpit R.; Adalja, Hitesh Kumar L.; Goyal, Shiv Kumar; Ladiya, Tinkal; Tiwari, Neeraj Kumar; Singh, Nishant; Kumar, Sushil, "Observations of the Quiet Sun During the Deepest Solar Minimum of the Past Century with Chandrayaan-2 XSM -- Sub-A Class Microflares Outside Active Regions", ApJL, 912:L13, 2021. [ArXiv] [ADS]
Vadawale, Santosh V.; Mondal, Biswajit; Mithun, N. P. S.; Sarkar, Aveek; Janardhan, P.; Joshi, Bhuwan; Bhardwaj, Anil; Shanmugam, M.; Patel, Arpit R.; Adalja, Hitesh Kumar L.; Goyal, Shiv Kumar; Ladiya, Tinkal; Tiwari, Neeraj Kumar; Singh, Nishant; Kumar, Sushil, "Observations of the Quiet Sun During the Deepest Solar Minimum of the Past Century with Chandrayaan-2 XSM -- Elemental Abundances in the Quiescent Corona", ApJL, 912:L12, 2021. [ArXiv] [ADS]
Netra S Pillai, S Narendranath, K Vadodariya, Srikar P Tadepalli, V Radhakrishna, Anurag Tyagi, Reena Yadav, Brajpal Singh, Vaishali Sharan, PS Athiray, P Sreekumar, K Sankarasubramanian, Megha Bhatt, Amit Basu Sarbadhikari, NPS Mithun, Santosh Vadawale, "Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS): Calibration, In-flight performance and first results", Icarus, 2021. [ADS]
Mithun, N. P. S.; Vadawale, S. V.; Patel, A. R.; Shanmugam, M.; Chakrabarty, D.; Konar, P.; Sarvaiya, T. N.; Padia, G. D.; Sarkar, A.; Kumar, P.; Jangid, P.; Sarda, A.; Shah, M. S.; Bhardwaj, A., "Data Processing Software for Chandrayaan-2 Solar X-ray Monitor", Astronomy & Computing, 34:100449, 2021. [ArXiv] [ADS]
Mithun, N. P. S.; Vadawale, Santosh V.; Shanmugam, M.; Patel, Arpit R.; Tiwari, Neeraj Kumar; Adalja, Hiteshkumar L.; Goyal, Shiv Kumar; Ladiya, Tinkal; Singh, Nishant; Kumar, Sushil; Tiwari, Manoj K.; Modi, M. H.; Mondal, Biswajit; Sarkar, Aveek; Joshi, Bhuwan; Janardhan, P.; Bhardwaj, Anil, "Ground Calibration of Solar X-ray Monitor on board the Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter", Experimental Astronomy, 51:1, 2021. [ArXiv] [ADS]

2020

Mithun, N. P. S.; Vadawale, Santosh V.; Sarkar, Aveek; Shanmugam, M.; Patel, Arpit R.; Mondal, Biswajit; Joshi, Bhuwan; Janardhan, P.; Adalja, Hiteshkumar L.; Goyal, Shiv Kumar; Ladiya, Tinkal; Tiwari, Neeraj Kumar; Singh, Nishant; Kumar, Sushil; Tiwari, Manoj K.; Modi, M. H.; Bhardwaj, Anil, "Solar X-ray Monitor On board the Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter: In-flight Performance and Science Prospects", Solar Physics , 295:139, 2020. [ArXiv] [ADS]
Shanmugam, M.; Vadawale, Santosh V.; Patel, Arpit R.; Adalaja, Hitesh Kumar; Mithun, N. P. S.; Ladiya, Tinkal; Goyal, Shiv Kumar; Tiwari, Neeraj K.; Singh, Nishant; Kumar, Sushil; Painkra, Deepak Kumar; Acharya, Y. B.; Bhardwaj, Anil; Hait, A. K.; Patinge, A.; Kapoor, Abinandhan; Kumar, H. N. Suresh; Satya, Neeraj; Saxena, Gaurav; Arvind, Kalpana, "Solar X-ray Monitor Onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter", Current Science, 118(1):45, 2020. [ArXiv] [ADS]
Shanmugam, M.; Vadawale, S. V.; Patel, A.; Goyal, S. K.; Ladiya, T.; Acharya, Y. B.; Pal, S.; Nanal, V., Investigation of radiation damage due to particle irradiation on Silicon Drift Detector for Chandrayaan-2 mission", Journal of Instrumentation, 15 (01), 2020. [ADS]

2015

Shanmugam, M.; Acharya, Y. B.; Vadawale, S. V.; Mazumdar, H. S., "Radiation effects on Silicon Drift Detector based X-ray spectrometer on-board Chandrayaan-2 mission", Journal of Instrumentation, 10 (09), 2015. [ADS]
Shanmugam, M.; Acharya, Y. B.; Vadawale, S. V.; Mazumdar, H. S., " A new technique for measuring the leakage current in Silicon Drift Detector based X-ray spectrometer—implications for on-board calibration ",Journal of Instrumentation, 10 (02), 2015. [ADS]

2014

Vadawale, S. V.; Shanmugam, M.; Acharya, Y. B.; Patel, A. R.; Goyal, S. K.; Shah, B.; Hait, A. K.; Patinge, A.; Subrahmanyam, D., " Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) on-board Chandrayaan-2 orbiter",Advances in Space Research,54(10): p. 2021-2028, 2014. [ADS]

Conference Proceedings

2020

Narendranath, S.; Vadodariya, K.; Pillai, N. S.; Radhakrishna, V.; Tyagi, A.; Vadawale, S.; Mithun, N. P. S.; Shanmugam, M.; Patel, A.; Tadepalli, S. P.; Yadav, R.; Singh, B.; Sharan, V.; Sreekumar, P.; Bhatt, M.; Satya, N.; Shetty, A.; Suresha Kumar, H. N.; Balaji, G.; Kumar, K. Raghavendra, V.; Agarwal, A., "Lunar Elemental Abundances from Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-Ray Spectrometer (CLASS)", 51st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, LPI Contribution No. 2326, 2020, id.1186, 2020.

2015

Shanmugam, M.; Acharya, Y. B.; Vadawale, S. V.; Mazumdar, H. S., "Space radiation induced displacement damage effects on the performance of the silicon drift detector onboard chandrayaan-2 mission",2015 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC), San Diego, CA, USA, 2015.

2013

Shanmugam, M.; Patel, A.; Vadawale, S. V.; Acharya, Y. B.; Goyal, S. K., "Characterization of high count rate capability of Solar X-ray Monitor on-board Chandrayaan-2 — the second Indian mission to the Moon",2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC), Seoul, Korea (South), 2013.

2012

Shanmugam, M.; Vadawale, S.; Acharya, Y. B.; Goyal, S. K.; Patel, A.; Shah, B.; Murty, S. V. S., "Solar X-Ray Monitor (XSM) On-Board Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter", 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, LPI Contribution No. 1659, id.1858, 2012.

Conference Presentations

2024

N P S Mithun on behalf XSM team, "X-ray Investigations of the Sun with Solar X-ray Monitor onboard Chandrayaan-2", International Conference on Planets, Exoplanets and Habitability (ICPEH), PRL Ahmedabad, 05-09 February 2024
Shubhashri S Shenoy, Sreejith Padinhatteeri, Shyama Narendranath, "High Spectral Resolution Observations of Solar Flares using XSM on Chandrayaan-2", 42nd Meeting of Astronomical Society of India, Bangalore, 31 Jan - 04 Feb 2024
B.S. Bharath Saiguhan, N.P.S. Mithun, Santosh Vadawale, C.S. Vaishnava, Aveek Sarkar, "Solar Flare Statistics with Chandrayaan-2 XSM", 42nd Meeting of Astronomical Society of India, Bangalore, 31 Jan - 04 Feb 2024
Aravind Valluvan, "Revisiting hot thermal solar flares: Data results from 3 years of Chandrayaan-2 XSM observations", 243rd Meeting of the American Astronomical Society, New Orleans, 7-11 January 2024

2023

Biswajit Mondal, Subramania Athiray Panchapakesan, Amy R Winebarger, Amir Caspi, Santosh V Vadawale, N. P. S. Mithun, Aveek Sarkar, Giulio Del Zanna, Helen E Mason and XSM Team, "Coronal FIP bias: From full-Sun X-ray spectroscopy to imaging-spectroscopy", AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, 11-15 Dec 2023.
N P S Mithun on behalf XSM team, "Multi-scale Coronal Transients: An X-ray Perspective with Chandrayaan-2 XSM", USO-PRL Solar Physics Workshop, USO, Udaipur, 3-5 April 2023
B.S. Bharath Saiguhan, N.P.S. Mithun, Santosh Vadawale, C.S. Vaishnava, Biswajit Mondal, "Solar flare observations with Chandrayaan-2 Solar X-ray Monitor", 41^st Meeting of the Astronomical Society of India, Indore, 1-5 March 2023.

2022

Lakshitha Nama, Biswajit Mondal, Shyama Narendranath, Paul KT, "Abundances of low FIP elements during A-class flares: Soft X-ray spectroscopy with Chandrayaan-2 XSM", COSPAR 2022, 44^th Scientific Assembly, Athens, Greece, 16-24 July 2022.
Biswajit Mondal, A. Bhardwaj, S. Vadawale, N. P. S. Mithun, A. Sarkar, B. Joshi, P. Janardhan, M. Shanmugam, presented by A. Bhardwaj, "Solar X-ray Monitor on-board Chandrayaan-2 orbiter", COSPAR 2022, 44^th Scientific Assembly, Athens, Greece, 16-24 July 2022.
N. P. S. Mithun, S. V. Vadawale, B. Mondal, Aveek Sarkar, P. Janardhan, Bhuwan Joshi, Anil Bhardwaj, Giulio Del Zanna, Helen E Mason, Yamini Rao, "Soft X-ray spectroscopy of sub-A class to X class flares with Chandrayaan-2 XSM", The Solar Physics High Energy Research (SPHERE) workshop, SwRI, Boulder, FHNW, Switzerland and online, 11-15 July 2022.
Sherry Chhabra, Jeffrey Reep, Harry Warren, N.P.S. Mithun, "Probing the Solar SXR Background Emission with Chandrayaan-2 XSM", The Solar Physics High Energy Research (SPHERE) workshop, SwRI, Boulder, FHNW, Switzerland and online, 11-15 July 2022.
N. P. S. Mithun, S. V. Vadawale, B. Mondal, Aveek Sarkar, P. Janardhan, Bhuwan Joshi, Anil Bhardwaj, Giulio Del Zanna, Helen E Mason, Yamini Rao, presented by G DelZanna. "Soft X-ray Spectral Diagnostics of Flaring Loops with Chandrayaan-2 XSM", 10^th Coronal Loops Workshop, Paris, June 28-July 1, 2022.
B. Mondal, S. V. Vadawale, A. Sarkar , NPS. Mithun, P. Janardhan, A. Bhardwaj, G. Del Zanna , H.E. Mason, "Role of small-scale impulsive events in heating the X-ray bright points of the Sun – insight from Ch-2/XSM observations", 40^th Annual Meeting of the Astronomical Society of India (ASI) , IIT Roorkee, 25-29 March 2022
Lakshitha Nama, Biswajit Mondal, Shyama Narendranath, KT Paul, "Elemental abundances during the A-class solar flares: Soft X-ray spectroscopy from Chandrayaan-2 XSM", 40^th Annual Meeting of the Astronomical Society of India (ASI) , IIT Roorkee, 25-29 March 2022
N. P. S. Mithun, S. V. Vadawale, B. Mondal, A. Sarkar, B. Joshi, P. Janardhan, A. Bhardwaj, G. Del Zanna, H. E. Mason, "Soft X-ray Spectral Diagnostics of Multi-thermal Plasma in Solar Flares with Chandrayaan-2 XSM", 21^st National Space Science Symposium, IISER Kolkata,31 Jan - 04 Feb 2022.
B. Mondal, S. V. Vadawale, A. Sarkar, N. P. S. Mithun, P. Janardhan, A. Bhardwaj, P.S. Athiray, G. Del Zanna, H. E. Mason, "Investigating the coronal heating of quiet Sun: A DEM analysis using AIA and XSM observations.", 21^st National Space Science Symposium, IISER Kolkata,31 Jan - 04 Feb 2022.
Bhuwan Joshi, Prabir K. Mitra, N. P. S. Mithun, Anil Bhardwaj, Santosh V. Vadawale, Astrid M. Veronig, "CME production by the magnetic-arcade-blowout triggered by a compact B-class solar flare: SDO and XSM/Chandrayaan-2 observations", 21^st National Space Science Symposium, IISER Kolkata,31 Jan - 04 Feb 2022.

2021

N. P. S. Mithun, S. V. Vadawale, B. Mondal, A. Sarkar, B. Joshi, A. Bhardwaj, "Soft X-ray Spectral Diagnostics of Multi-thermal Plasma in Solar Flares with Chandrayaan-2 XSM", Virtual Workshop on Particle Acceleration in Solar Flares and the Plasma Universe Deciphering its features under magnetic reconnection, Kavli Institute for Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU) Japan,15-19 November 2021.
Lakshitha Nama, Biswajit Mondal, Shyama Narendranath, KT Paul, "Solar Flare Plasma Temperature: Relating GOES-XRS Flux to Chandrayaan-2 XSM Spectra", Virtual Workshop on Particle Acceleration in Solar Flares and the Plasma Universe Deciphering its features under magnetic reconnection, Kavli Institute for Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU) Japan,15-19 November 2021.
B. Mondal, A. Sarkar, S. V. Vadawale ,NPS. Mithun ,P. Janardhan ,G. Del Zanna , H.E. Mason , U. Mitra-Kreav , S. Narendranath 4, "Soft X-ray spectroscopy of the Sun during the minima of Solar cycle 24 with the Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM)." , Hinode-14 / IRIS-11 Joint Science Meeting, October 25-28, 2021.
G. Del Zanna, R. Yamini, H.E. Mason, S. Vadawale, B. Mondal, N.P.S. Mithun, K. Reeves, "Microflares in active region cores", , Hinode-14 /IRIS-11 Joint Science Meeting, October 25-28, 2021.
B. Mondal , A. Sarkar, S. V. Vadawale ,NPS. Mithun , P. Janardhan , G. Del Zanna , H.E. Mason , U. Mitra-Kreav , S. Narendranath, "Soft X-ray spectroscopy of the Solar corona during the deepest solar minimum of the past hundred years with the Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) on-board the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter." 16^th European Solar Physics Meeting, 6-10 Sep 2021
G. Del Zanna, R. Yamini, H.E. Mason, U. Mitra-Kraev, S. V. Vadawale, B. Mondal, N.P.S. Mithun, A. Sarkar, P. Janardhan, "Microflares in active region cores", UK National Astronomy Meeting, 19-23 July 2021.
Lakshitha Nama, Shyama Narendranath, Paul K.T, "Spectral evolution of flare plasma parameters with Solar X-ray Monitor on Chandrayaan-2", 39^th meeting of Astronomical Society of India, 18-23 February 2021.
Biswajit Mondal, Santosh V. Vadawale, N. P. S. Mithun, Aveek Sarkar, M. Shanmugam, P. Janardhan, Bhuwan Joshi, Anil Bhardwaj, "Soft X-ray spectroscopy of the quiet solar corona and elemental composition with Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) onboard Chandrayaan-2", 39^th meeting of Astronomical Society of India, 18-23 February 2021.
N. P. S. Mithun, Santosh V. Vadawale, Biswajit Mondal, Aveek Sarkar, M. Shanmugam, P. Janardhan, Bhuwan Joshi, Anil Bhardwaj, "Observation of Non-Active Region Microflares with Chandrayaan-2 Solar X-ray Monitor", 39^th meeting of Astronomical Society of India, 18-23 February 2021.

2020

N. P. S. Mithun, Santosh V. Vadawale, Biswajit Mondal, M. Shanmugam, Aveek Sarkar, P. Janardhan, Bhuwan Joshi, Anil Bhardwaj "Soft X-ray Spectroscopy of the Sun with Chandrayaan-2 Solar X-ray Monitor", AGU Fall Meeting 2020.
N. P. S. Mithun on behalf of the XSM team, "X-ray Spectroscopy of the Sun with Chandrayaan-2 XSM: Initial Results and Prospects", 38^th meeting of Astronomical Society of India, IISER Tirupati, 13-17 February 2020.

2019

M. Shanmugam and XSM team, "Solar X-ray Monitor onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter", AOGS Conference, Singapore, 28 July - 3 August, 2019.

2017

M. Shanmugam, "Development of XSM and APXS payloads for Chandrayaan-2 mission", Vision and Explorations for Planetary Sciences in Decades 2020-2060, PRL Ahmedabad, 8-10 November 2017.

2012

Santosh Vadawale, Y. B. Acharya, M. Shanmugam, S. K. Goyal, "Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) onboard Chandrayaan-2 orbiter", 39th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, India, Abstract E1.3-21-12, p.2044, 2012.

Note: Users are encouraged to send their publications / proceedings / conference presentations which are substantially based on XSM, for listing here.